A number of published papers have investigated the relation between atrial fibrillation (AF) and clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the conclusions drawn from previous studies are not consistent. For instance, some studies observed that AF was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients,
1
, 2
, - Reilev M
- Kristensen KB
- Pottegard A
- Lund LC
- Hallas J
- Ernst MT
- Christiansen CF
- Sorensen HT
- Johansen NB
- Brun NC
- Voldstedlund M
- Stovring H
- Thomsen MK
- Christensen S
- Gubbels S
- Krause TG
- Molbak K
- Thomsen RW.
Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 11 122 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: a nationwide cohort.
Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49: 1468-1481
3
while several other studies reported opposite results that there was no significant relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 patients.- Rodilla E
- Saura A
- Jimenez I
- Mendizabal A
- Pineda-Cantero A
- Lorenzo-Hernandez E
- Fidalgo-Montero MDP
- Lopez-Cuervo JF
- Gil-Sanchez R
- Rabadan-Pejenaute E
- Abella-Vazquez L
- Giner-Galvan V
- Solis-Marquinez MN
- Boixeda R
- Pena-Fernandez A
- Carrasco-Sanchez FJ
- Gonzalez-Moraleja J
- Torres-Pena JD
- Guisado-Espartero ME
- Escobar-Sevilla J
- Guzman-Garcia M
- Martin-Escalante MD
- Martinez-Gonzalez AL
- Casas-Rojo JM
- Gomez-Huelgas R.
Association of hypertension with all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
J Clin Med. 2020; 9https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103136
4
, - Izurieta HS
- Graham DJ
- Jiao Y
- Hu M
- Lu Y
- Wu Y
- Chillarige Y
- Wernecke M
- Menis M
- Pratt D
- Kelman J
- Forshee R.
Natural history of COVID-19: risk factors for hospitalizations and deaths among >26 million U.S. Medicare beneficiaries.
J Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa767
5
, - Lala A
- Johnson KW
- Januzzi JL
- Russak AJ
- Paranjpe I
- Richter F
- Zhao S
- Somani S
- Van Vleck T
- Vaid A
- Chaudhry F
- De Freitas JK
- Fayad ZA
- Pinney SP
- Levin M
- Charney A
- Bagiella E
- Narula J
- Glicksberg BS
- Nadkarni G
- Mancini DM
- Fuster V
- Mount Sinai CIC
Prevalence and impact of myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 533-546
6
Several confounding factors such as gender, age and pre-existing medical disorders (diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.) have been reported to significantly influence the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients,7
, 8
, 9
, 10
, - Liang X
- Xu J
- Xiao W
- Shi L
- Yang H.
The association of diabetes with COVID-19 disease severity: evidence from adjusted effect estimates.
Hormones. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-020-00259-x
11
, - Xiao W
- Xu J
- Liang X
- Shi L
- Zhang P
- Wang Y
- Yang H.
Relationship between chronic kidney disease and adverse outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019: a meta-analysis based on adjusted risk estimates.
Int Urol Nephrol. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02748-9
12
, - Yang H
- Xu J
- Liang X
- Shi L
- Wang Y.
Autoimmune diseases are independently associated with COVID-19 severity: evidence based on adjusted effect estimates.
J Infect. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.025
13
suggesting that these factors might have significant impacts on the relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 patients. In this meta-analysis, the pooled effect size was estimated on the basis of adjusted effect estimates reported in published papers.We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases to identify all potential documents published between January 1, 2020 and December 24, 2020, using the following keywords and terms: “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2” or “SARS-CoV-2” or “coronavirus disease 2019” or “COVID-19” or “2019 novel coronavirus” or “2019-nCoV” and “atrial fibrillation” and “severity” or “severe” or “critical” or “mortality” or “death” or “fatality” or “intensive care unit” or “mechanical ventilation”. Studies were eligibly included if they met the following criteria: (1) studies reporting laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients; (2) articles should be peer-reviewed; (3) articles should be published in English; (4) the adjusted effect estimate on the relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 patients are available. Accordingly, studies were excluded if they were: (1) repeated studies, review papers, comments, errata, protocols and case reports; (2) articles reporting crude effect size; (3) articles with insufficient data; (4) in vitro studies or animal studies.
Two investigators independently extracted the basic characteristics including name of authors, country and/or region, number of cases, percentage of male, age (mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), study design, adjusted effect size and outcomes. In case of disagreement, a third investigator was consulted and made a final decision. Statistical analysis was carried out using Stata 12.1 software. I2 statistic and Cochran's Q test were adopted in the assessment of heterogeneity among the included studies. The pooled effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 patients. A fixed-effects analysis was conducted if there was no heterogeneity (I2 < 50% or p > 0.1), otherwise, a random-effects analysis was carried out (I2 > 50% or p < 0.1). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of our results. Publication bias was evaluated by Begg's rank correlation test and Egger's linear regression test. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were also performed to probe the source of heterogeneity. A p-value < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.
Nine hundred and sixteen potentially relevant studies were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 23 studies with 108,745 COVID-19 patients
1
, 2
, - Reilev M
- Kristensen KB
- Pottegard A
- Lund LC
- Hallas J
- Ernst MT
- Christiansen CF
- Sorensen HT
- Johansen NB
- Brun NC
- Voldstedlund M
- Stovring H
- Thomsen MK
- Christensen S
- Gubbels S
- Krause TG
- Molbak K
- Thomsen RW.
Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 11 122 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: a nationwide cohort.
Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49: 1468-1481
3
, - Rodilla E
- Saura A
- Jimenez I
- Mendizabal A
- Pineda-Cantero A
- Lorenzo-Hernandez E
- Fidalgo-Montero MDP
- Lopez-Cuervo JF
- Gil-Sanchez R
- Rabadan-Pejenaute E
- Abella-Vazquez L
- Giner-Galvan V
- Solis-Marquinez MN
- Boixeda R
- Pena-Fernandez A
- Carrasco-Sanchez FJ
- Gonzalez-Moraleja J
- Torres-Pena JD
- Guisado-Espartero ME
- Escobar-Sevilla J
- Guzman-Garcia M
- Martin-Escalante MD
- Martinez-Gonzalez AL
- Casas-Rojo JM
- Gomez-Huelgas R.
Association of hypertension with all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
J Clin Med. 2020; 9https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103136
4
, - Izurieta HS
- Graham DJ
- Jiao Y
- Hu M
- Lu Y
- Wu Y
- Chillarige Y
- Wernecke M
- Menis M
- Pratt D
- Kelman J
- Forshee R.
Natural history of COVID-19: risk factors for hospitalizations and deaths among >26 million U.S. Medicare beneficiaries.
J Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa767
5
, - Lala A
- Johnson KW
- Januzzi JL
- Russak AJ
- Paranjpe I
- Richter F
- Zhao S
- Somani S
- Van Vleck T
- Vaid A
- Chaudhry F
- De Freitas JK
- Fayad ZA
- Pinney SP
- Levin M
- Charney A
- Bagiella E
- Narula J
- Glicksberg BS
- Nadkarni G
- Mancini DM
- Fuster V
- Mount Sinai CIC
Prevalence and impact of myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 533-546
6
,14
, 15
, - Hippisley-Cox J
- Tan PS
- Coupland C.
Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people.
Heart. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318312
16
, - Peterson E
- Lo KB
- DeJoy R
- Salacup G
- Pelayo J
- Bhargav R
- Gul F
- Albano J
- Azmaiparashvili Z
- Amanullah A
- Patarroyo-Aponte G.
The relationship between coronary artery disease and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a single-center retrospective analysis.
Coron Artery Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000934
17
, - Perez-Guzman PN
- Daunt A
- Mukherjee S
- Crook P
- Forlano R
- Kont MD
- Lochen A
- Vollmer M
- Middleton P
- Judge R
- Harlow C
- Soubieres A
- Cooke G
- White PJ
- Hallett TB
- Aylin P
- Ferguson N
- Hauck K
- Thursz MR
- Nayagam S.
Clinical characteristics and predictors of outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a multi-ethnic London NHS Trust: a retrospective cohort study.
Clin Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1091
18
, - Elias P
- Poterucha TJ
- Jain SS
- Sayer G
- Raikhelkar J
- Fried J
- Clerkin K
- Griffin J
- DeFilippis EM
- Gupta A
- Lawlor M
- Madhavan M
- Rosenblum H
- Roth ZB
- Natarajan K
- Hripcsak G
- Perotte A
- Wan EY
- Saluja A
- Dizon J
- Ehlert F
- Morrow JP
- Yarmohammadi H
- Kumaraiah D
- Redfors B
- Gavin N
- Kirtane A
- Rabbani L
- Burkhoff D
- Moses J
- Schwartz A
- Leon M
- Uriel N.
The prognostic value of electrocardiogram at presentation to emergency department in patients with COVID-19.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 2099-2109
19
, 20
, - Clift AK
- Coupland CAC
- Keogh RH
- Diaz-Ordaz K
- Williamson E
- Harrison EM
- Hayward A
- Hemingway H
- Horby P
- Mehta N
- Benger J
- Khunti K
- Spiegelhalter D
- Sheikh A
- Valabhji J
- Lyons RA
- Robson J
- Semple MG
- Kee F
- Johnson P
- Jebb S
- Williams T
- Hippisley-Cox J.
Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study.
Bmj. 2020; 371: m3731
21
, - Alvarez-Garcia J
- Lee S
- Gupta A
- Cagliostro M
- Joshi AA
- Rivas-Lasarte M
- Contreras J
- Mitter SS
- LaRocca G
- Tlachi P
- Brunjes D
- Glicksberg BS
- Levin MA
- Nadkarni G
- Fayad Z
- Fuster V
- Mancini D
- Lala A.
Prognostic impact of prior heart failure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 2334-2348
22
, 23
, 24
, - Tomasoni D
- Inciardi RM
- Lombardi CM
- Tedino C
- Agostoni P
- Ameri P
- Barbieri L
- Bellasi A
- Camporotondo R
- Canale C
- Carubelli V
- Carugo S
- Catagnano F
- Dalla Vecchia LA
- Danzi GB
- Di Pasquale M
- Gaudenzi M
- Giovinazzo S
- Gnecchi M
- Iorio A
- La Rovere MT
- Leonardi S
- Maccagni G
- Mapelli M
- Margonato D
- Merlo M
- Monzo L
- Mortara A
- Nuzzi V
- Piepoli M
- Porto I
- Pozzi A
- Sarullo F
- Sinagra G
- Volterrani M
- Zaccone G
- Guazzi M
- Senni M
- Metra M
Impact of heart failure on the clinical course and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Results of the Cardio-COVID-Italy multicentre study.
Eur J Heart Fail. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2052
25
, - Polverino F
- Stern DA
- Ruocco G
- Balestro E
- Bassetti M
- Candelli M
- Cirillo B
- Contoli M
- Corsico A
- D'Amico F
- D'Elia E
- Falco G
- Gasparini S
- Guerra S
- Harari S
- Kraft M
- Mennella L
- Papi A
- Parrella R
- Pelosi P
- Poletti V
- Polverino M
- Tana C
- Terribile R
- Woods JC
- Di Marco F
- Martinez FD
Comorbidities, cardiovascular therapies, and COVID-19 mortality: a nationwide, Italian Observational Study (ItaliCO).
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020; 7585866
26
, - Loffi M
- Piccolo R
- Regazzoni V
- Di Tano G
- Moschini L
- Robba D
- Quinzani F
- Esposito G
- Franzone A
- Danzi GB.
Coronary artery disease in patients hospitalised with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.
Open heart. 2020; 7https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001428
27
, 28
, - Rossi L
- Malagoli A
- Biagi A
- Zanni A
- Sticozzi C
- Comastri G
- Pannone L
- Gandolfi S
- Vergara P
- Villani GQ.
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Infection. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01550-0
29
, 30
were eligibly included in the present quantitative meta-analysis. The study characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Ten studies came from United States of America (USA) and 13 studies were from Europe (5 from United Kingdom, 4 from Italy, 2 from Spain and 1 each from Denmark and France). Results of our meta-analysis indicated that AF was significantly associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes among COVID-19 patients (pooled effect size = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.26, p = 0.01; I2 = 63.9%, random-effects analysis; Figure 1). When the clinical outcomes were limited to death, there was still a significant relation between AF and COVID-19 mortality (pooled effect size = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.25). Subgroup analysis by effect estimate showed consistent results (pooled effect size = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.21 for hazard ratio (HR)-reported studies and pooled effect size = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.37 for odds ratio (OR)-reported studies). Inconsistent results were observed in the subgroup analyses by sample size (pooled effect size = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.27 for ≥ 1,000 cases and pooled effect size = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.44 for < 1,000 cases), age (pooled effect size = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.31 for < 70 years old and pooled effect size = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.29 for ≥ 70 years old), percentage of male (pooled effect size = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.51 for ≥ 60% and pooled effect size = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.22 for < 60%) and region (pooled effect size = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.35 for Europe and pooled effect size = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.24 for USA). We observed no significant relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes among COVID-19 patients in the subgroup analysis of study design (pooled effect size = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.22 for retrospective study, pooled effect size = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.70 for observational cohort study and pooled effect size = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.96 for the others). Sensitivity analysis showed that our results were stable and reliable since omitting each study one by one had no obvious effects on the overall effect size (Figure 1). There was no obvious publication bias assessed by Begg's test (p = 0.428, Figure 1) and Egger's test (p = 0.081, Figure 1). Meta-regression analysis exhibited that the tested variables such as sample size, age, percentage of male, region, study design, and effect estimate might not be the source of heterogeneity (data not shown).- Lano G
- Braconnier A
- Bataille S
- Cavaille G
- Moussi-Frances J
- Gondouin B
- Bindi P
- Nakhla M
- Mansour J
- Halin P
- Levy B
- Canivet E
- Gaha K
- Kazes I
- Noel N
- Wynckel A
- Debrumetz A
- Jourde-Chiche N
- Moal V
- Vial R
- Scarfogliere V
- Bobot M
- Gully M
- Legris T
- Pelletier M
- Sallee M
- Burtey S
- Brunet P
- Robert T
- Rieu P.
Risk factors for severity of COVID-19 in chronic dialysis patients from a multicentre French cohort.
Clin Kidney J. 2020; 13: 878-888
Table 1Main characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis
| Author | Country | Cases | Male (%) | Age§ | Study design | Adjusted-effect size (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lala A | USA | 2736 | 59.6% | 66.4 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.08 (0.81-1.44) |
| Atkins JL | UK | 507 | 61.3% | 74.3±4.5 | UK biobank cohort | OR: 1.63 (0.98-2.71) |
| van Gerwen M | USA | 3703 | 55.3% | 56.8±18.2 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.19 (0.87-1.62) |
| Hippisley-Cox J | UK | 19486 | 48.1% | 62.18±20.84 | Prospective study | HR: 0.87 (0.55-1.39) |
| Peterson E | USA | 355 | 51% | 66.21±14.21 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.475 (0.190-1.188) |
| Perez-Guzman PN | UK | 614 | 62.2% | 69 (25) | Retrospective study | OR: 1.25 (0.73-2.13) |
| Reilev M | Denmark | 11122 | 42.2% | 48 (33-62) | Population-based study | OR: 1.6 (1.2-2.0) |
| Rodilla E | Spain | 12226 | 57.4% | 67.5±16.1 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.2 (1.01-1.33) |
| Elias P | USA | 1258 | 54% | 61.6±18.4 | Retrospective study | OR: 2.54 (1.05-6.2) |
| Peltzer B | USA | 1053 | 62.3% | 62±17 | Retrospective study | OR: 2.16 (1.33-3.52) |
| Rodriguez-Molinero A | Spain | 418 | 56.9% | 65.4±16.6 | Observational cohort study | OR: 1.86 (0.86-4.02) |
| Clift AK | UK | 10776 | 55.3% | 69.63±17.91 | Observational cohort study | HR: 1.18 (1.04-1.34) |
| HR: 1.11 (1.00-1.24) | ||||||
| Alvarez-Garcia J | USA | 6349 | 55.1% | 63.5±18 | Retrospective study | HR: 0.91 (0.63-1.31) |
| Tang O | USA | 752 | 39.9% | 71.16±51.68 | Retrospective study | HR: 0.86 (0.57-1.30) |
| Shah C | USA | 487 | 56.1% | 68.42±16.70 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.91 (0.50-1.65) |
| Tomasoni D | Italy | 692 | 69.5% | 67.4±13.2 | Retrospective study | HR: 1.27 (0.73-2.23) |
| Polverino F | USA | 3179 | 68.3% | 69.0 (57-78) | Retrospective study | OR: 0.97 (0.69-1.36) |
| Loffi M | Italy | 1252 | 63.7% | 64.7±15.5 | Retrospective study | HR: 1.09 (0.75-1.58) |
| Canevelli M | Italy | 2621 | 67.6% | 78.16±10.51 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.99 (0.72-1.37) |
| Rossi L | Italy | 590 | 66.1% | 76.2 (68.2-82.6) | Retrospective study | HR: 1.390 (0.925-1.885) |
| Gue YX | UK | 486 | 38.7% | 73.42±15.97 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.49 (0.35-1.58) |
| Izurieta HS | USA | 27961 | 48.8% | 79.07±10.15 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.97 (0.92-1.01) |
| Lano G | France | 122 | 65% | 73.5 (64.2-81.2) | Observational cohort study | OR: 1.838 (0.751-4.481) |
Note: § indicates the values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR); CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; UK, the United Kingdom; USA, the United States of America.
Figure 1The forest plot indicating the relation between atrial fibrillation (AF) and unfavorable outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on 23 studies with 108,745 cases (A); Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed our results were stable and robust (B); Publication bias was assessed by both Begg's rank correlation test (C) and Egger's linear regression test (D). * indicates the value was combined from subgroups.
Limitations: (1) All the included studies came from USA and Europe. (2) Because medications for COVID-19 were not clearly reported in most of the included studies, we did not address the effects of these factors on the relation between AF and unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 patients. (3) The adjusted risk factors are variable across the included studies. (4) Most of the studies are retrospective, further meta-analyses based on prospective studies with large sample size are warranted to verify our findings when more data are available.
In conclusion, our study demonstrates that AF was significantly associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes among COVID-19 patients, especially for death.
Author Contributions
Yadong Wang and Haiyan Yang designed the study. Xuan Liang and Jie Xu performed literature search. Haiyan Yang and Xuan Liang performed data extraction. Xuan Liang, Haiyan Yang, Jie Xu and Hongjie Hou performed statistical analyses. Haiyan Yang, Xuan Liang and Yadong Wang wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All the authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no any potential conflict of interest regarding this submitted manuscript.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Li Shi, Ying Wang, Peihua Zhang, Yang Li, Jian Wu and Wenwei Xiao (All are from Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University) for their kind help in searching articles and collecting data, and valuable suggestions for data analysis.
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: January 24, 2021
Received in revised form:
January 15,
2021
Received:
January 4,
2021
Footnotes
This study was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81973105 ), Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Institution of Higher Education (grant number 21A330008 ) and Joint Construction Project of Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Plan (grant number LHGJ20190679 ). The funders have no role in the data collection, data analysis, preparation of manuscript and decision to submission.
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© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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