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American Heart Association. Fish and omega-3 fatty acids: AHA recommendation AHA Website. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632. Accessed July 14, 2006.
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- Dietary omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of platelet-derived growth factor mRNA in human mononuclear cells.Blood. 1993; 81: 1871-1879
- Omega-3 fatty acids suppress monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells: role of endothelial PAF generation.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002; 283: H811-H818
- The effect of n-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis: results from SCIMO, an angiographic study, background and implications.Lipids. 2001; 36: S99-S102
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- The effect of low-dose fish oil supplementation on serum growth factors in healthy humans.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54: 690-694
- n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary thrombosis.Lipids. 2001; 36: S79-S82
- Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions.Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97: 1127-1130
- Evidence for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids.Ann Pharmacother. 2002; 36: 1950-1956
- Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty?.Circulation. 1994; 90: 2248-2257
- Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy.J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1998; 5: 257-261
- Dietary fish oil reduces microvascular thrombosis in a porcine experimental model.Thromb Res. 2000; 99: 203-208
- Interruption of vascular thrombus formation and vascular lesion formation by dietary n-3 fatty acids in fish oil in nonhuman primates.Circulation. 1993; 87: 1017-1029
- Is the reduction of myocardial infarct size by dietary fish oil the result of altered platelet function?.Am Heart J. 1994; 127: 744-755
Omacor (omega-3-acid ethyl esters, capsules) [prescribing information]. Liberty Corner, NJ: Reliant Pharmaceuticals. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2004/21654lbl.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2006.
- Clinical overview of Omacor.Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98: 71i-76i
- Impact of n-3 fatty acid supplemented parenteral nutrition on haemostasis patterns after major abdominal surgery.Br J Nutr. 2002; 87: S95-S101
- N-3 Fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 1723-1728
- Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease.Circulation. 2002; 106: 2747-2757
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- Studies on the toxicity of fish oil.Tokushima J Exp Med. 1961; 8: 96-100
- Dietary fish oil-induced changes in the distribution of alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and beta-carotene in plasma, red blood cells, and platelets: modulation by vitamin E.Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 58: 98-102
- Vitamin D: can an upper limit be defined?.J Nutr. 1989; 119: 1825-1828
- Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78: 1152-1159
- The vitamin A spectrum: from deficiency to toxicity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 878-884
- Teratogenicity of isotretinoin revisited: species variation and the role of all-trans-retinoic acid.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 45: S183-S187
- Infant hypervitaminosis A causes severe anemia and thrombocytopenia: evidence of a retinol-dependent bone marrow cell growth inhibition.Blood. 2002; 99: 2017-2022
- Oral retinoid therapy for dermatologic conditions in children and adolescents.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49: 171-182
- Vitamin nutrition in older adults.Clin Geriatr Med. 2002; 18: 773-799
- Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective.Pediatrics. 2003; 112: e132-e135
- Neuromotor functions in Inuit preschool children exposed to Pb, PCBs, and Hg.Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005; 27: 245-257
- The Inuit diet: fatty acids and antioxidants, their role in ischemic heart disease, and exposure to organochlorines and heavy metals: an international study.Arctic Med Res. 1996; 55: 20-24
- Fish intake, plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzo-furans and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls in the blood of the Japanese population.Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003; 76: 205-215
- Balancing the risks and benefits of fish consumption.Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 977-980
- Maternal and fetal mercury and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a risk and benefit of fish consumption to fetus.Environ Sci Technol. 2004; 38: 3860-3863
- Historical neurotoxins: what we have learned from toxins of the past about diseases of the present.Neurol Clin. 2005; 23: 337-352
- Mercury exposure: current concepts, controversies, and a clinic’s experience.J Occup Environ Med. 2002; 44: 143-154
US Department of Health and Human Services, US Environmental Protection Agency. What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. CFSAN Website. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/admehg3.html. Accessed July 14, 2006.
- Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and benefits.JAMA. 2006; 296: 1885-1899
- Measurement of mercury levels in concentrated over-the-counter fish oil preparations: is fish oil healthier than fish?.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003; 127: 1603-1605
Good news! These supplements have omega-3’s without contaminants found in fish! But some are better than others. Find out now! [report.] ConsumerLab.com Website. Available at: http://www.consumerlab.com/results/omega3.asp. Accessed July 14, 2006.
Edison Electric Institute. Straight answers about electrical utilities and mercury. EEI Website. Available at: http://www.eei.org/industry_issues/environment/air/mercury/straight_answers_mercury.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2006.
- Children: the unwitting target of environmental injustices.Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48: 1291-1305
- The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health.Annu Rev Public Health. 1997; 18: 211-244
- Neurodegenerative memory disorders: a potential role of environmental toxins.Neurol Clin. 2005; 23: 485-521
- Background exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs/PCBs and its potential health effects: a review of epidemiologic studies.J Med Invest. 2005; 52: 10-21
- Measurement of organochlorines in commercial over-the-counter fish oil preparations: implications for dietary and therapeutic recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids and a review of the literature.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005; 129: 74-77
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General. Adverse event reporting for dietary supplements: an inadequate safety valve. HHS Website. Available at: http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01-00-00180.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2006.
- The need for regulation of dietary supplements—lessons from ephedra.JAMA. 2003; 289: 1568-1570
Davis R. Statement of Ronald Davis M.D.: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs: Dietary Supplement Safety Act: how is FDA doing 10 years later? Senate Committee on Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Website. Available at: http://hsgac.senate.gov/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Testimony&HearingID=179&WitnessID=642. Accessed July 14, 2006.
US Department of Health and Human Services, US Food and Drug Administration Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for Drugs. FDA Website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/cGMPs/default.htm. Accessed July 14, 2006.
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements. Letter responding to a request to reconsider the qualified claim for a dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. FDA Website. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/ds-ltr28.html. Accessed July 17, 2006.
Bush L. Decoding the US Pharmacopeia. Pharmaceutical Technology Website. Available at: http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/332004/112205/article.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2006.
- The USP Dietary Supplement Verification Program: helping pharmacists and consumers select dietary supplements.US Pharm. 2005; 6: 61-64
U.S. Pharmacopeia. USP verified dietary supplements. Available at: http://www.usp.org/USPVerified/dietarySupplements/. Accessed July 13, 2006.
Council for Responsible Nutrition. About CRN [CRN Website]. Available at: http://www.crnusa.org/who_about.html. Accessed July 14, 2006.
