American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 105, Issue 1, Supplement , Pages 30A-35A , 4 January 2010

Renin–Angiotensin System Blockade and Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

  • Byron J. Hoogwerf, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Byron J. Hoogwerf, MD, 2237 Demington Drive, Cleveland Heights, Ohio 44106-3320

References 

  1. Ferrario CM, Strawn WB. Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:121–128
  2. Weir M, Bush C, Anderson D, Zhang J, Keefe D, Satlin A. Antihypertensive efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hypertension: a pooled analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2007;1:264–277
  3. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, et al. Guidelines for the management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004 – BHS-IV. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:139–185
  4. Pitt B. Clinical trials of angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: what do we know and what will we learn?. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:22S–27S
  5. Kjeldsen SE, Julius S. Hypertension mega-trials with cardiovascular end points: effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Am Heart J. 2004;148:747–754
  6. Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM. Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2007;369:1208–1219
  7. Giles T. Renin-angiotensin system modulation for treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: toward an optimal therapeutic strategy. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2007;8(suppl 2):S14–S21
  8. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–153
  9. The ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–1559
  10. Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA, Holma RR. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int. 2003;63:225–232
  11. Gerstein HC, Mann JFE, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA. 2001;286:421–426
  12. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:629–636
  13. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456–1462
  14. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Lang R, Lishner M. Long-term effect of ACE inhibition on development of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus type II. Kidney Int Suppl. 1994;45:S161–S164
  15. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851–860
  16. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869
  17. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870–878
  18. Makino H, Haneda M, Babazono T, Moriya T, Ito S, Iwamoto Y, et al. Prevention of transition from incipient to overt nephropathy with telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1577–1578
  19. Makino H, Haneda M, Babazono T, Moriya T, Ito S, Iwamoto Y, et al. Microalbuminuria reduction with telmisartan in normotensive and hypertensive Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of The Incipient to Overt: Angiotensin II Blocker, Telmisartan, Investigation on Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy (INNOVATION) study. Hypertension Res. 2008;31:657–664
  20. Bakris G, Burgess E, Weir M, Davidai G, Koval S AMADEO Study Investigators. Telmisartan is more effective than losartan in reducing proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2008;74:364–369
  21. Mann JFE, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Poque J, et al Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–553
  22. The EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782–788
  23. The PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058–2068
  24. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1893–1906
  25. McMurray J, Solomon S, Pieper K, Reed S, Rouleau J, Velazquez E, et al The effect of valsartan, captopril, or both on atherosclerotic events after acute myocardial infarction: an analysis of the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:726–733
  26. McCall KL, Craddock D, Edwards K. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the rate of new-onset diabetes mellitus: a review and pooled analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:1297–1306
  27. Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Bosch J, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA. 2001;286:1882–1885
  28. HOPE/HOPE-TOO Study Investigators. Long-term effects of ramipril on cardiovascular events and on diabetes: results of the HOPE Study extension. Circulation. 2005;112:1339–1346
  29. The DREAM Trial Investigators. Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1551–1562
  30. Probstfield JL, O'Brien KD. Progression of cardiovascular damage: the role of renin–angiotensin system blockade. Am J Cardiol. 2010;(suppl 1A):10A–20A

 Statement of author disclosure: Please see the Author Disclosures section at the end of this article.

 This work was supported by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH.

PII: S0002-9149(09)02484-9

doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.009

American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 105, Issue 1, Supplement , Pages 30A-35A , 4 January 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution