American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 104, Issue 10 , Pages 1383-1388 , 15 November 2009

Screening for Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease Measuring Carotid Intima Media Thickness

Received 13 April 2009 ,Revised 2 July 2009 ,Accepted 2 July 2009.

References 

  1. Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113:2363–2372
  2. Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, Jamieson MJ, Kaul S, Berman D, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient—part III: executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(suppl):2H–15H
  3. Mark DB, Shaw LJ, Lauer MS, O'Malley PG, Heidenreich P. 34th Bethesda Conference: Task Force #5—is atherosclerosis imaging cost effective?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1906–1917
  4. Heiss G, Sharrett AR, Barnes R, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:250–256
  5. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl):II-56–II-65
  6. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett AR, et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:483–494
  7. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam study. Circulation. 1997;96:1432–1437
  8. O'Leary DH, Polka JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14–22
  9. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Laurora G, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis M, Incandela L, et al. Ultrasound morphology classification of the arterial wall and cardiovascular events in a 6-year follow-up study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:851–856
  10. Smith SC, Greenland P, Grundy SM. AHA conference proceedings (Prevention Conference V: beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary). Circulation. 2000;101:111–116
  11. Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force (Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:93–111
  12. Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). Circulation. 2007;115:402–426
  13. Budoff MJ, Achenbach S, Blumenthal RS, Carr JJ, Goldin JG, Greenland P, et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114:1761–1791
  14. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste P, Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986;74:1399–1406
  15. Persson J, Formgren J, Israelsson B, Berglund G. Ultrasound-determined intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis (Direct and indirect validation). Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:261–264
  16. Geroulakos G, O'Gorman DJ, Kalodiki E, Sheridan DJ, Nicolaides AN. The carotid intima-media thickness as a marker of the presence of severe symptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:781–785
  17. Roman MJ, Naqvi TZ, Gardin JM, Gerhard-Herman M, Jaff M, Mohler EAmerican Society of EchocardiographySociety of Vascular MedicineBiology. American Society of Echocardiography report (Clinical application of noninvasive vascular ultrasound in cardiovascular risk stratification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:943–954
  18. Wendelhag , Gustavsson T, Suurkula M, Berglund G, Wikstrand J. Ultrasound measurement of wall thickness in the carotid artery: fundamental principles and description of a computerized analyzing system. Clin Physiol. 1991;11:565–577
  19. Stensland-Bugge E, Bønaa KH, Joakimsen O. Reproducibility of ultrasonographically determined intima-media thickness is dependent on arterial wall thickness: the Tromsø study. Stroke. 1997;28:1972–1980
  20. Howard G, Sharrett A, Heiss G, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. Stroke. 1993;24:1297–1304
  21. Li R, Duncan BB, Metcalf PA, Crouse JR, Sharrett AR, Tyroler HA, et al. B-mode-detected carotid artery plaque in a general population. Stroke. 1994;25:2377–2383
  22. Urbina EM, Srinivasan SR, Tang R, Bond MG, Kieltyka L, Berenson GS. Bogalusa Heart Study (Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (the Bogalusa Heart Study)). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:953–958
  23. D'Agostino RB, Burke G, O'Leary D, Rewers M, Selby J, Savage PJ, et al. Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1744–1749
  24. Stary HC, Blankenhorn DH, Chandler AB, Glagov S, Insull W, Richardson M, et al. A definition of the intima of human arteries and its atherosclerosis-prone regions: a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1992;85:391–405
  25. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004-2006) (An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23:75–80
  26. Crouse JR, Byington RP, Bond MG, Espeland MA, Craven TE, Sprinkle JW, et al. Pravastatin, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis in the Carotid Arteries (PLAC-II). Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:455–459
  27. Probstfield JL, Margitic SE, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Furberg CD. Results of the primary outcome measure and clinical events from the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(suppl):47C–53C
  28. Yu C-M, Zhang Q, Lam L, Lin H, Kong SL, Chan W, et al. Comparison of intensive and low-dose atorvastatin therapy in the reduction of carotid intimal-medial thickness in patients with coronary heart disease. Heart. 2007;93:933–939
  29. Crouse JR, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, Evans GW, Palmer MK, O'Leary DH, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1344–1353
  30. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AF, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1431–1443
  31. Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC, O'Leary DH, Bild DE, Bluemke DA, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1333–1339
  32. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421
  33. Jacobson TA, Griffiths GG, Varas C, Gause D, Sung JC, Ballantyne CM. Impact of evidence-based “clinical judgment” on the number of American adults requiring lipid-lowering therapy based on updated NHANES III data. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1361–1369
  34. Akosah KO, Schaper A, Cogbill C, Schoenfeld P. Preventing myocardial infarction in the young adult in the first place: how do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines perform?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1475–1479
  35. Tzou WS, Douglas PS, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, Tang R, Chen W, et al. Increased subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults with metabolic syndrome: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:457–463
  36. Greenland P, Smith SC, Grundy SM. Improving coronary heart disease risk assessment in asymptomatic people: role of traditional risk factors and noninvasive cardiovascular tests. Circulation. 2001;104:1863–1867
  37. Bard RL, Kalsi H, Rubenfire M, Wakefield T, Fex B, Rajagopalan S, et al. Effect of carotid atherosclerosis screening on risk stratification during primary cardiovascular disease prevention. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1030–1032
  38. Stein JH, Fraizer MC, Aeschlimann SE, Nelson-Worel J, McBride PE, Douglas PS. Vascular age: integrating carotid intima-media thickness measurements with global coronary risk assessment. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27:388–392
  39. Junyent M, Zambón D, Gilabert R, Núñez I, Cofán M, Ros E. Carotid atherosclerosis and vascular age in the assessment of coronary heart disease risk beyond the Framingham risk score. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196:803–809
  40. Gepner AD, Keevil JG, Wyman RA, Korcarz CE, Aeschlimann SE, Busse KL, et al. Use of carotid intima-media thickness and vascular age to modify cardiovascular risk prediction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1170–1174
  41. Wilson PW, Smith SC, Blumenthal RS, Burke GL, Wong ND. 34th Bethesda Conference: Task Force #4—how do we select patients for atherosclerosis imaging?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1898–1906
  42. Pignone M, Fowler-Brown A, Pletcher M, Tice JA US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.ahrq.gov/CLINIC/uspstf/uspsacad.htmAccessed June, 2009
  43. Taylor AJ. Finding the pathway to improving patient outcomes with atherosclerosis imaging: who's motivated?. Am Heart J. 2007;154:1008–1010
  44. Wyman RAGimelli, McBride PE, Korcarz CE, Stein JH. Does detection of carotid plaque affect physician behavior or motivate patients. Am Heart J. 2007;154:1072–1077
  45. Newman AB, Naydeck BL, Ives DG, Boudreau RM, Sutton-Tyrrell K, O'Leary DH, et al. Coronary artery calcium, carotid artery wall thickness, and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:186–192
  46. Lester SJ, Eleid MF, Khandheria BK, Hurst RT. Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium score as indications of subclinical atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:229–233

PII: S0002-9149(09)01331-9

doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.07.005

American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 104, Issue 10 , Pages 1383-1388 , 15 November 2009