Usefulness of Proteinuria as a Prognostic Marker of Mortality and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Data from the Evaluation of Oral Xemilofiban in Controlling Thrombotic Events [EXCITE] Trial)

Mercado, Nestor; Brugts, Jasper J.; Ix, Joachim H.; Shlipak, Michael G.; Dixon, Simon R.; Gersh, Bernard J.; Lemos, Pedro A.; Guarneri, Mimi; Teirstein, Paul S.; Wijns, William; Serruys, Patrick W.; Boersma, Eric; O'Neill, William W.

doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.06.035

« Previous Next »American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 102, Issue 9 , Pages 1151-1155, 1 November 2008

Usefulness of Proteinuria as a Prognostic Marker of Mortality and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Data from the Evaluation of Oral Xemilofiban in Controlling Thrombotic Events [EXCITE] Trial)

Nestor Mercado, MD, PhD
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
Jasper J. Brugts, MD, MSc
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Tel: +31-10-703-1528; Fax: +31-10-703-2890
Joachim H. Ix, MD, MAS
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, California
Michael G. Shlipak, MD, MPH
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Section of General Internal Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
Simon R. Dixon, MBChB
- Division of Cardiology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
Bernard J. Gersh, MBChB, DPhil
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Pedro A. Lemos, MD, PhD
- Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Mimi Guarneri, MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
Paul S. Teirstein, MD
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
William Wijns, MD, PhD
- Cardiovascular Center, O.L.V. Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
Patrick W. Serruys, MD, PhD
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Eric Boersma, PhD
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
William W. O'Neill, MD
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Received 15 April 2008; received in revised form 11 June 2008; accepted 11 June 2008. published online 11 August 2008.

Proteinuria was associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in community-based cohorts. The association of proteinuria with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was unknown. The association of urinary dipstick proteinuria with mortality and cardiovascular events (composite of death, myocardial infarction, or nonhemorrhagic stroke) in 5,835 subjects of the EXCITE trial was evaluated. Dipstick urinalysis was performed before PCI, and proteinuria was defined as trace or greater. Subjects were followed up for 210 days/7 months after enrollment for the occurrence of events. Multivariate Cox regression analysis evaluated the independent association of proteinuria with each outcome. Mean age was 59 years, 21% were women, 18% had diabetes mellitus, and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 90 ml/min/1.73 m². Proteinuria was present in 750 patients (13%). During follow-up, 22 subjects (2.9%) with proteinuria and 54 subjects (1.1%) without proteinuria died (adjusted hazard ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65 to 4.84, p <0.001). The severity of proteinuria attenuated the strength of the association with mortality after PCI (low-grade proteinuria, hazard ratio 2.67, 95% CI 1.50 to 4.75; high-grade proteinuria, hazard ratio 3.76, 95% CI 1.24 to 11.37). No significant association was present for cardiovascular events during the relatively short follow-up, but high-grade proteinuria tended toward increased risk of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.61).In conclusion, proteinuria was strongly and independently associated with mortality in patients undergoing PCI. These data suggest that such a relatively simple and clinically easy to use tool as urinary dipstick may be useful to identify and treat patients at high risk of mortality at the time of PCI.