American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 101, Issue 8, Supplement , Pages S48-S57 , 17 April 2008

Comprehensive Lipid Management Versus Aggressive Low-Density Lipoprotein Lowering to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk

  • Robert H. Knopp, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Northwest Lipid Research Clinic, Seattle, Washington, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Robert H. Knopp, MD, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, #359720, Seattle, Washington 98104.
  • ,
  • Pathmaja Paramsothy, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
  • ,
  • Benjamin Atkinson, MS, RD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Northwest Lipid Research Clinic, Seattle, Washington, USA
  • ,
  • Alice Dowdy, RD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Northwest Lipid Research Clinic, Seattle, Washington, USA

References 

  1. Knopp RH. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:498–511
  2. Knopp R. The effects of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal estrogens on lipoprotein physiology and atherosclerosis. In:  Halbe H,  Rekers H editor. Oral Contraception Into the 1990’s. Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing; 1989;p. 31–45
  3. Knopp RH, Retzlaff B, Fish B, Walden C, Wallick S, Anderson M, et al. Effects of insulin resistance and obesity on lipoproteins and sensitivity to egg feeding. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1437–1443
  4. Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95:764–772
  5. Knopp RH, Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, McCann BS, Dowdy AA, Albers JJ, et al. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic men (The Dietary Alternatives Study). JAMA. 1997;278:1509–1515
  6. Knopp RH, Retzlaff B, Walden C, Fish B, Buck B, McCann B. One-year effects of increasingly fat-restricted, carbohydrate-enriched diets on lipoprotein levels in free-living subjects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;225:191–199
  7. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:412–433
  8. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease (New perspectives based on the Framingham study). Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:85–91
  9. Paramsothy P, Knopp R, Bertoni A, Blumenthal R, Wasserman B, Tsai M, et al. Association of lipid phenotype with carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). [abstract #179] J Coron Artery Dis. 2007;7:52
  10. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Sipahi I, Grasso AW, Schoenhagen P, Hu T, et al Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA. 2007;297:499–508
  11. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231:360–381
  12. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Stamler J, Friedman L, Prineas RJ, et al. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8:1245–1255
  13. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, Schaefer SM, Lin JT, Kaplan C, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1289–1298
  14. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, et al Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583–1592
  15. Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Lee JK, Grace KA. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation. 2004;110:3512–3517
  16. Taylor AJ, Lee HJ, Sullenberger LE. The effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness: ARBITER 3. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:2243–2250
  17. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, et al Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia (Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease). N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237–1245
  18. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, et al Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418
  19. The BIP Study Group. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation. 2000;102:21–27
  20. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357:905–910
  21. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, et al Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849–1861
  22. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223:405–418
  23. Choi BG, Vilahur G, Yadegar D, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Badimon JJ. The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the prevention and possible treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Mol Med. 2006;6:571–587
  24. Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Reddy ST, Hama S, Hough G, Grijalva VR, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1325–1331
  25. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V. Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1234–1241
  26. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Cooper CJ, Yasin M, et al Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2292–2300
  27. Anantharamaiah GM, Mishra VK, Garber DW, Datta G, Handattu SP, Palgunachari MN, et al. Structural requirements for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides. J Lipid Res. 2007;48:1915–1923
  28. Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L, Wang N. The failure of torcetrapib: was it the molecule or the mechanism?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:257–260
  29. Goldstein JL, Schrott HG, Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Motulsky AG. Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease (II. Genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidemia). J Clin Invest. 1973;52:1544–1568
  30. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–239
  31. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425–1435

 This work was supported in part by grants DK035816 and HL083117 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.Statement of author disclosure: Please see the Author Disclosures section at the end of this article.

PII: S0002-9149(08)00286-5

doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.038

American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 101, Issue 8, Supplement , Pages S48-S57 , 17 April 2008